The United States government has described the intent to "defend forward" against continuing espionage, disruption, and destructive intrusion campaigns executed by hostile actors in cyberspace. This defense concept will reportedly leverage cyber capabilities and other response options to blunt ongoing threats through action in gray space, closer to hostile systems and networks.

In seeking to understand the motivations of voters in the EU referendum it is now clear that the ‘education’ effect (whereby those with degrees are much more likely that those without to have voted ‘remain’) was one of the strongest influences on individual voting behaviour in the referendum. At the same time education, rather than income or social class, anchors the ‘new’ or ‘other’ dimension of British politics with those with degrees substantially more liberal than those without.

The extremely severe restrictions on humanitarian operations have been one of the defining features of the Syrian conflict. Humanitarian operations have been severely impeded by a range of constraints, including active hostilities, repeated attacks against those providing humanitarian and, in particular, medical assistance, shifting front lines, proliferation of parties to the conflict, and the instrumentalisation of assistance by all belligerents.

China’s re-emergence and its assertive policies in the South China Sea over the past decades have led to the belief that Southeast Asia has no choice but to become part of China’s zone of influence. However, Southeast Asia has many choices. This lecture will look at the longer history of Southeast Asia and suggest the many options that ASEAN will have in the coming decades.

First wave transitions were political battles spanning many decades, in which the institutional components of democracy were implemented one at a time. The order in which these reforms occurred – the democratizing sequence – varied significantly from case to case. In England, for example, parliament was strengthened and civil rights were guaranteed before universal male suffrage was extended.

Motherhood and professional advancements often conflict. Studies of female academics highlight gender disparities in senior ranks. One explanation for this inequality is unequal caregiving responsibilities borne by women, particularly early in their children’s lives. This project asks whether differential maternity leave provisions across 160 UK higher education institutions exacerbate differentials in the productivity, career paths and job satisfaction of female academics. Research on maternity benefits usually is confined to case studies of a few universities or is discipline specific.