The significance of Edward Snowden’s revelations has been viewed primarily through the prism of threats to citizen privacy. Richard Aldrich and Christopher Moran argue instead that the most dramatic change has been a decline of government secrecy, especially around national security. While the ethical aspects of state secrets and “whistle-blowing” have received recent attention, few have attempted to explain the dynamics of this growing climate of exposure.

The four imperfect constitutions of Republic VIII are the topic of this lecture, in which the role of officeholders or magistrates is argued to be central to the ways in which these imperfect constitutions come about, operate, and change into one another. Studying these episodes of change reveals aspects of the normative dimension of political office both within their flawed operation and in contrast with it.

*Lecture Five: Office and Rule in Constitutional Change*

The four imperfect constitutions of Republic VIII are the topic of this lecture, in which the role of officeholders or magistrates is argued to be central to the ways in which these imperfect constitutions come about, operate, and change into one another. Studying these episodes of change reveals aspects of the normative dimension of political office both within their flawed operation and in contrast with it.

The aversion of the American and other Western societies to fatalities among their own armed forces and the depressing effect of military casualties on war support are well documented. We know much less about U.S. respondents’ concern for non-compatriot, civilian casualties. U.S. military doctrine relies heavily on international law to meet expectations of appropriate battlefield conduct, but whether attitudes towards wartime killings track legal principles is likewise unclear. This study draws on an original sur- vey experiment with 3000 U.S.

'This panel will seek to investigate the rationales that have led many groups, throughout the four nations of the UK, to forcefully counter invasive mobilisations and discriminatory violence, from far right political groups, fellow civilians and often, state forces. By comparing different mobilisations across time and space, this panel will seek to address three pressing questions:

1) Why have people, across multiple times and contexts, deemed it necessary to enact their own resistance, rather than rely on the British state for their protection?

Joe Twyman, Head of Political and Social Research at YouGov, discusses the potential pitfalls facing political pollsters, from Brexit to Washington to Baghdad.

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