Jenny Andersson holds a PhD in eco¬nomic history from Uppsala University in Sweden. She is currently a scholar with the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and based at Sciences Po in Paris, where she also co directs the Max Planck Sciences Po Center. She has worked on the intellectual history of contemporary social democracy, and more recently, on the history of future research and concepts of the future in the post war era.

Countries are increasingly employing capabilities that directly target their adversaries' networks. Yet most intrusions are not attacks, most attacks are not warfare, and a select few have physical ramifications. Despite the apparent novelty of these capabilities, they trace many of their characteristics to other well-understood disciplines. This talk will explore the spectrum of offensive cyber operations as we see them today and trace their lineage to their roots in electronic warfare and signals intelligence.

Based at Goldsmiths University of London, Elizabeth is a historian of Modern British and South African History and the history of the Black Diaspora. Since successfully acquiring a PhD in History from the School of History, Classics and Archaeology at Birkbeck, University of London, Dr. Williams has written and published peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and published the single-authored book, The Politics of Race in Britain and South Africa: Black British Solidarity and the Anti-Apartheid Struggle (IB Tauris pbk 2017).

The seminar will cover two major issues relating to horizontal inequalities:

o The importance of perceptions of inequality as a source of action; and the relationship of perceptions of horizontal inequalities to ‘objective’ measures, including both socio-economic inequalities and political inequalities.

o The relationship of horizontal inequalities and democracy. This will include a discussion of why and when one would expect such a relationship, in terms of both political and socio-economic inequalities, and some empirical evidence on the relationship

In the aftermath of the financial crisis, budget deficits returned to the political agenda. This revived an old question as to whether the partisanship of governing parties affects fiscal policy, where the conventional view is that the left tends toward excessive deficits. Though the existing scholarly evidence provides little support for this view, political rhetoric on the British Labour government’s borrowing, or that of SYRIZA in Greece, or other left parties around Europe, attests to its ongoing power. In this paper we seek to address three questions related to this conventional view.