Cleopatra's Nose: Historical Contingency and Why it Matters
What do we mean when we characterise certain events, such as the collapse of the Soviet Union, or the spreading of a new mutation of COVID as necessary or inevitable? Conversely, what do we mean when judging these to be contingent, supposing they could have turned out differently (if only ...)? These familiar notions sound beguilingly unproblematic; indeed, they pervade common thinking about determinism and chance.