As cybersecurity challenges have multiplied across society, there is increasing confusion about how those challenges should be addressed. For many years, computer security was the preserve of a small cadre within the IT profession: in most cases, limited to a few individuals in banks and those concerned with National Security. It now seems to be widely accepted that this narrow perspective is simplistic and inadequate, because it fails to address some of the biggest problems. And yet a vision of cybersecurity as “everyone's problem” seems equally untenable.

Digitalization is changing everything, at different speeds—the way businesses operate, the way states are governed, and the way people socialize and communicate with each other. Economic activity as well as the creation and delivery of public goods will depend more and more on data. In order to seize the opportunity, Europe has to prepare itself for this digital transformation.

Current architectures to validate, certify, and manage identity are based on centralised, top-down approaches that rely on trusted authorities and third-party operators. In a new article, co-authored with Tomaso Aste, Centre Research Associate Geoff Goodell approaches the problem of digital identity starting from a human rights perspective, asserting that individual persons must be allowed to manage their personal information in a multitude of different ways in different contexts and that to do so, each individual must be able to create multiple unrelated identities.

Violence – from state coercion to wars and revolutions – remains an enduring global reality. But whereas it is often believed that the point of constitutional politics is to make violence unnecessary, others argue that it is an unavoidable element of politics.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is now well-established as a transformative technology across multiple industries, as well as in government and in scientific research. The transformative impact of AI comes from both its effect on intelligent decision making and predictions as well as from its facilitation of greater automation. 

By combining the analysis of the key themes, actors, and issues with the history of the region, and insights from a leading team of international experts, International Relations of the Middle East provides the definitive guide to the subject.

For military power to be lawful and morally just, future autonomous artificial intelligence systems must not commit humanitarian errors. This requires a preventative form of minimally-just autonomy using AI to avert attacks on protected symbols, sites, and signals of surrender.