Collective Memory in International Relations

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Collective memory carries the past into the present. This book traces the influence of collective memory in international relations (IR). It locates the origins of a country's memory within the international environment and inquires how memory guides states through time in world politics. Collective memory, as such, not only shapes countries and their international interactions, but the international sphere also plays an essential role in how countries approach the past.

From Mask to Vaccine Diplomacy: Geopolitical Competition in the Western Balkans

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One year after it landed in Europe, the COVID-19 pandemic has left a deep mark on the Western Balkans. On the one hand, it has exacerbated geopolitical dynamics that had been ongoing for decades, especially with regards to the activity of external actors. And while the EU has continued to be inconclusive, proceeding at a snail’s pace with its carrot-and-stick approach, China has seized on the opportunity and expanded its footprint.

Why the U.S. Military Forgets What It Learns in War

Wars are expensive and relatively rare, and so states have strong incentives to learn from war and improve their military performance over time. And yet, even in highly capable great power militaries, the lessons of previous wars are routinely lost. Why do militaries forget what they learn in war? Examining evidence from three cases across the American experiences in Vietnam and Iraq, this project explores the role of in organizational survival in post-war learning.

Protean War: Embracing Complexity in International Relations

“Protean war” offers a compelling new paradigm for scholars studying complex conflicts in international relations. Some scholarship in foreign policy history and political science attempts to fit complicated wars, with multiple, varied actors, into conventional typologies, such as “civil war,” “interstate war,” or “proxy war.” The “protean war” paradigm, rather than narrowing a conflict down into one of these types, offers a convenient framework for layering in the civil, proxy, and interstate dimensions of a particular conflict.

Subversive Economics: Pervasive, Dangerous and Largely Invisible

The discussion about greyzone threats mostly focuses on easy-to-identify forms of aggression including cyber intrusions and disinformation campaigns. That’s a shame, because other forms are at least as dangerous. Subversive economics, for example. While Western countries benefit from their open borders and the commerce this generates, some countries exploit that openness to strengthen their geopolitical position while weakening that of the targeted countries. It involves buying up key companies and using venture-capital investments to access the best innovation early on.
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