Violence – from state coercion to wars and revolutions – remains an enduring global reality. But whereas it is often believed that the point of constitutional politics is to make violence unnecessary, others argue that it is an unavoidable element of politics.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is now well-established as a transformative technology across multiple industries, as well as in government and in scientific research. The transformative impact of AI comes from both its effect on intelligent decision making and predictions as well as from its facilitation of greater automation. 

By combining the analysis of the key themes, actors, and issues with the history of the region, and insights from a leading team of international experts, International Relations of the Middle East provides the definitive guide to the subject.

For military power to be lawful and morally just, future autonomous artificial intelligence systems must not commit humanitarian errors. This requires a preventative form of minimally-just autonomy using AI to avert attacks on protected symbols, sites, and signals of surrender.