At a time of widespread instability in the Middle East, this book reflects on the construction and contestation of order across the region. Combining conceptual reflections with contemporary empirical analysis, the book offers a timely account of how competing visions of order play out and shape the Middle East. The book seeks to offer a discussion of the concept of order that is grounded in International Relations approaches but applied to the Middle East using a range of important case studies.

How many shuffles does it take to mix a deck of 52 playing cards? Behind this simple question lies a surprisingly deep mathematical theory. In this lecture, we explore what it means for a deck of cards to be ‘well mixed’, examine several classical shuffling methods, and see why certain methods require far more iterations to produce a random deck than others. We will view card shuffling through the lens of random walks, a mathematical framework used to model phenomena across physics, evolutionary biology and beyond.