Leadership in the history of Islam has been fundamentally shaped by two distinct yet overlapping models of religious authority: charismatic and exemplary. Prophet Muhammad was the original charismatic leader of the Muslim community—having assumed the dual mantle as messenger of God’s final revelation and political leader of the first Muslim community. From a Sunni perspective, charisma ended with his death. Muhammad’s legacy continued with the prophetic example of exemplary ethical and religious conduct—what became known as the Sunnah.

To (mis)quote Jawaharlal Nehru, at the stroke of the midnight hour on August 14/15, 1947, the Indian subcontinent was not just awakening to life and freedom; it was also being ravaged by ultranationalist and fascistic paramilitary movements who viewed freedom as the freedom to dominate as an ethnonational majority. In this paper, I trace the emergence of these movements and their ideologues from the 1920s through to the immediate aftermath of decolonization.

The European Union is facing multiple internal and external challenges, who will lead the EU over the next five years will have profound implications for the nature and the future of the European project. Over the last two decades Central and Eastern Europeans member states have been underrepresented in EU top jobs and have had limited impact on EU policy-making. As the EU is starting a new institutional cycle, the seminar will explore the allocation of top jobs in the EU and their implications for leadership and the balance of power in the EU.

The concept of “carbon neutrality” is becoming a central focus in the global climate change conversation. How this idea is received by governments and the public will significantly influence the political debates around climate policies. In this study, we map and analyze how carbon neutrality has emerged in public discussions across Europe and worldwide. By using Natural Language Processing, we examined nearly 3.4 million carefully selected online news articles from 2018 to 2021, covering 138 countries that together represent 94% of the global population.

This paper will focus on the strangely pervasive view – especially in western occult circles and in South Asia– that Jesus travelled to India and Tibet during his “lost years” between his Bar Mitzvah and his preaching in Palestine. While there, it was argued, he incorporated the fundamentals of Hinduism and Buddhism into his teachings, especially the Sermon on the Mount. The implication of this argument was that Western civilisation was unable to forge an ethics of compassion and a doctrine of non-violence without the help of “Eastern Wisdom.”

This paper studies the relationship between economic prosperity and religion through the lens of social norms. In a social equilibrium framework, where a society is one realization of many possible equilibria, we model how the Albanian government increased female participation in education and employment by changing the social equilibrium through credibly committing to communist ideals.

Can competition or cooperation for economic gain affect people's social perceptions of others? This paper experimentally examines this possible link from the economic to the social realm. Subjects engage in a task facing either a tournament or a cooperative pay scheme, after which subjects are asked their social perceptions of their counterparts in the task -- how similar they are and how much they have in common. The pay schemes do not affect answers to the subjective similarity measure but significantly influence subjects' reports of commonality.

There is increasing evidence of the importance of tailoring development interventions to the local context. We implement an RCT in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where there is variation in the presence of age sets, a mode of social organization that creates cohesive groups of young men who provide a check on the power of the older political elite. We provide villages chiefs with cash to purchase health products and form oversight committees. Some villages are randomly assigned to form a diverse committee and other villages are randomly assigned to form a young male committee.